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Exercise 1: Scientific Notation
__What are the following in scientific notation?__ 6,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 **=** **6.0 x 10^24** 34,599,800,000 **= 3.45998 x 10^10** 12.56 **= 1.256 x 10** 0.3456789 **= 3.456789 x 10^-1** 0.0000000332 **= 3.32 x 10^-8** 0.000000000000000000000000000000123456789 **= 1.23456789 x 10^ -31** 6 trillion, 6,000,000,000,000 **= 6.0 x 10^12** __What are the following in standard notation?__ 3 x 10^5 **= 300,000** 2.44 x 10^-7 **= 0.000000244** 6.02 x 10^23 **= 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000** 6.62 x 10^-34 **= 0.000000000000000000000000000000000662** 1.5 x 10^11 **= 150,000,000,000** 1.44 x 10^-1 **= 0.144**

Exercise 2: DNA Probability vs. Frequency
AA= 1/9 AB= 2/9 Ai= 2/9 BB= 1/9 Bi= 2/9 ii= 1/9 A= 1/4 AB= 2/4 B= 1/4 O= 1/4 A= 160/503 =31.8% AB= 21/503 = 4% B= 75/503 =14.9% O= 248/503 = 49.3%
 * || **A** || **B** || **i** ||
 * **A** || AA || AB || Ai ||
 * **B** || AB || BB || Bi ||
 * **i** || Ai || Bi || ii ||
 * Genotype Probability:**
 * Phenotype Probability:**
 * Phenotype Frequency: 503**

Graph: Blood types vary thorughout the world. In the North and South America, the most common blood type is O but it is very uncommon in all other continents. The B allele, however, is very common in Europe and Asia and is the most dominating there. This goes the same for the A allele, but in Australia. Clearly, the bloodtypes are very spread out amongst the world and each continent has at least one blood type that dominates over the rest. I believe this has nothing to do with the race of people, but rather where they live. Someone, of course, had to start the generations amongst us today and since a vast majority of people tend to stay within their race, the blood type did as well.

**Exercise 3: Forensic DNA Fingerprinting**
Pop 2 is excluded in GYPA. Pop 1 is inlcuded in GYPA. His frequency is 2.1579038 x 10^-3
 * Paternity Case #1**

Pop 1 is excluded in LDLR. Pop 2 is included in LDLR. His frequency is 8.72203 x 10^-4.
 * Paternity Case #2**

Pop 1 is excluded in LDLR. Pop 2 is included in LDLR. His frequency is 1.508904162 x 10^-7.
 * Paternity Case #3**

Pop 2 is excluded in GYPA. Pop 1 is included in GYPA. His frequency is 2.1579038 x 10^-3.
 * Paternity Case #4**

No the suspect is not excluded from contributing the semen DNA. No the blood on the jacket is not the victims, it is the suspects.
 * Criminal Case #1**

Yes the suspect is excluded from contributing the DNA. Yes the blood on the suspects jacket is the victims. The victim contributed the blood at the crime scene.
 * Criminal Case #2**

No the suspect is not excluded from contributing the DNA. The blood on the suspect is unknown. The victims blood is at the crime scene.
 * Criminal Case #3**

No the suspecet is not excluded from contributing the DNA. The blood on the jacket is the victims. The blood at the the scene of the crime is both the victim and the suspect.
 * Criminal Case #4**

The probability of getting this genotype is 1/21. There are 3 possibilites per AB genotype and 6 possibilites per ABC genotype. Since there are 3 AB genotypes and 2 ABC genotypes: 3(3)+6(2)=21